Merkels disk are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch; they are present in the upper layers of skin that has hair or is glabrous. Researchers are looking for ways to cure paralysis. - Basal cells. f. Nasolacrimal duct. The Peripheral Nervous System, Chapter 18. What was the author's purpose? e. gets lower and softer. -Posterior one-third of the tongue and the superior pharynx The general sense that is usually referred to as touch includes chemical sensation in the form of nociception, or pain. Vitreous humor, anterior chamber, lens, pupil, posterior chamber, vascular tunic, cornea, retina. Bulbous corpuscles are also known as Ruffini corpuscles, or type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors. They respond to fine touch and pressure, but they also respond to low-frequency vibration or flutter. a. Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas For the function __________ are receptors that detect chemicals. 3) Lacrimal sac Graded potentials in free and encapsulated nerve endings are called generator potentials. In proprioception, proprioceptive and kinesthetic signals travel through myelinated afferent neurons running from the spinal cord to the medulla. The bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion cells. If so, what is the minimum speed? Place the ossicles of the ear in order from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. *Tensor tympani muscle, Structures apart of inner, middle, or outer ear? Free nerve endings are sensitive to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light touch. A special sense (discussed in Chapter 15)is one that has a specific organ devoted to it, namely the eye, inner ear, tongue, or nose. - They are immobile. Meissner's corpuscles respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations, and Pacinian corpuscles detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations. Follicles are also wrapped in a plexus of nerve endings known as the hair follicle plexus. The extraction of relevant features from the photoplethysmography signal for estimating certain physiological parameters is a challenging task. This function They are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings, and they respond to light touch. Receptor cells can be further categorized on the basis of the type of stimuli they transduce. The general senses can be divided into somatosensation, which is commonly considered touch, but includes tactile, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain perception. What is the name of the elevated region of the ampulla? Pacinian receptors detect pressure and vibration by being compressed, stimulating their internal dendrites. Somatosensation occurs all over the exterior of the body and at some interior locations as well. c. Saccule * sucrose Pacinian receptors detect pressure and vibration by being compressed which stimulates their internal dendrites. What is the largest structure of the vascular tunic? Can a mri detect a blood clot? External ear 2. Which type of receptors do not exhibit adaptation? d. Fibers of the cochlear nerve The pathways between sensory receptors and SI are modality specific and are anatomically and electrophysiologically distinct. c. Norepinephrine b. tympanic membrane. Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate. There are fewer Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings in skin than there are Merkels disks and Meissners corpuscles. What is commonly referred to as touch involves more than one kind of stimulus and more than one kind of receptor. b. ossicles of the middle ear c. Stapes What structure focuses incoming light onto the retina? Using an allowable stress of 9MPa9 \mathrm{~MPa}9MPa for the concrete and 120MPa120 \mathrm{~MPa}120MPa for the steel, determine the largest allowable positive bending moment in a portion of the slab 1m1 \mathrm{~m}1m wide. Recall that the epidermis is the outermost layer of skin in mammals. d. supporting cells. It dissociates rhodopsin and changes 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal. They can also be classified functionally on the basis of the transduction of stimuli, or how the mechanical stimulus, light, or chemical changed the cell membrane potential. What do Merkel cells detect? Meissner corpuscles are dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue and respond to changes in texture and slow vibrations. monitor sensory receptors. b. inferior colliculus. Ruffini endings detect stretch, deformation within joints, and warmth. - Exposure to acid on the skin *Basilar membrane. The four major types of tactile mechanoreceptors include: Merkel's disks, Meissner's corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscles. Blood-sucking insects use thermoreception to detect their host, thermoreceptors present in the pit organ of the viper helps them locate their prey. The wild type (WT) is the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it . c. primary auditory cortex. - LIGHT Perception is dependent on sensation, but not all sensations are perceived. Myopia Receptors are biological transducers that convert energy from both external and internal environments into electrical impulses. 4. endolymph of cochlear duct The central integration may then lead to a motor response. Capsaicin molecules bind to a transmembrane ion channel in nociceptors that is sensitive to temperatures above 37C. Which are examples of both somatic and visceral sensory receptors? . b. Pigmented layer of retina Hence, correlation and prediction of biococentration factors (BCFs) based on max and vibration frequencies of various bonds viz (C-H) and (C=C) of biphenyl and its fifty-seven derivatives have been made. Receptors are the structures (and sometimes whole cells) that detect sensations. Compute the work done by the air. For 2n4,n22n.2 \leq n \leq 4, n^{2} \geq 2^{n}.2n4,n22n. Ruffini endings also detect warmth. Structures apart of inner, middle, or outer ear? Active Journals Find a Journal Proceedings Series. detect pressure, vibration. -Ciliary body Gustatory cells are found in taste __________. Cornea, aqueous humor, sclera, iris, lens, choroid, ciliary body, vitreous humor. c. Perilymph ; baroreceptor: A nerve ending that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure. Figure1. Merkels disks are abundant on the fingertips and lips. These sensory receptors are known as the cutaneous receptors and they are found in the epidermis and dermis of the skin. d. Fovea centralis E-Book Overview INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE, 3E provides learners with an easy-to-read foundation in the profession of health care. a. a lack of depth perception. - DARK That makes them very sensitive to edges; they come into use in tasks such as typing on a keyboard. A fifth type of mechanoreceptor, Krause end bulbs, are found only in specialized regions. These receptors respond to changes and stimuli in the environment. 4. vestibular membrane d. photoreceptor. Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is . Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, and Krause end bulbs are all encapsulated. *Saccule a - Thalamus of the following EXCEPT a the sensation of pain b. the sensation of itch c the sensation of touch d the sensation of vibration 28. What causes Trachoma, a type of conjunctivitis? They are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors that sense deep transient (but not prolonged) pressure and high-frequency vibration. What type of receptor monitors changes in position? Large receptors respond to deep pressure and vibration j. Ruffini endings (bulbous corpuscle) i. c. vestibule Finally, vision involves the activation of photoreceptors. Which auditory ossicle contacts the oval window? These receptors are the main sensory cells in the tactile system. Write a user-defmed function that plots a triangle and the circle that circumscribes What is the most numerous type of receptor? f. Ganglion cell, 1. Which of the following statements about mechanoreceptors is false? Nearsightedness disorder in which the cornea and lens are too powerful or the eyeball is too long. b. binocular vision. The cranial nerves can be strictly sensory fibers, such as the olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves, or mixed sensory and motor nerves, such as the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. Order the layers of the eye from superficial to deep. - They function well in dim light. 2. Incus Graded potentials in receptor cells are called receptor potentials. Pressure, vibration, muscle stretch, and the movement of hair by an external stimulus, are all sensed by mechanoreceptors and perceived as touch or proprioception. __________ pain is a sensation associated with a body part that has been removed. (a) To explain how to cure paralysis, (b) To persuade people to wear helmets, (c) To describe the effects of spinal injuries, (d) To describe different types of paralysis. What structure is attached to the oval window and transfers vibration of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear? Some transmembrane receptors are activated by chemicals called ligands. Is it possible to whirl a bucket of water fast enough in a vertical circle so that the water won't fall out? Free nerve endings are usually found in the: The semicircular canals are continuous in the: The area that a receptor cell gathers information from is called the: - Semicircular canals * H+, EXs associated w/ what taste sensation? Temperature receptors are free nerve endings. The distribution of touch receptors in human skin is not consistent over the body. c. Axons of ganglion cells from the retina of the right eye What structure makes up the posterior portion of the fibrous tunic? Mammalian skin has three layers: an epidermis, a dermis, and a hypodermis. The test uses radio frequency waves and a strong magnetic field to create the images of your veins. photoreceptor: A specialized neuron able to detect and react to light. Trans-retinal is reconverted to cis-retinal 4. It dissociates rhodopsin and changes 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal. detect hearing and balance. : *Semicircular canals *Vestibular *Cochlea *Saccule *Basilar membrane Inner ear Receptors for general senses are usually ____. with the x and y coordinates of the vertices, respectively. Which of the following structures contain exteroceptors? Write True if the statement is true. Hair follicle receptors: detect light . These are slow-adapting, encapsulated mechanoreceptors that detect skin stretch and deformations within joints, so they provide valuable feedback for gripping objects and controlling finger position and movement. detect vibration, deep touch. Ribosome profiling can therefore detect drug-induced translational readthrough (DITR) events at premature termination codons (PTCs) as a consequence of a nonsense mutation in the . How is receptor density estimated in a human subject? - DARK -Vestibule a. Incus a. the pupil size is too narrow. The types of nerve endings, their locations, and the stimuli they transduce are presented in the table below. ; Sensory receptors can be classified by the type of stimulus that generates a . Decide if these retinal events occur in the dark or in the light. 5. oval window c. A short eyeball The foot plate is part of the What lobe of the brain processes auditory information? - Neural layer of the retina That makes them finely sensitive to edges and they come into use in tasks such as typing on a keyboard. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true. Optic disc They are rapidly- adapting, fluid-filled, encapsulated neurons with small, well-defined borders which are responsive to fine details. The junction of the palpebral and ocular conjunctive is called the: Which of the following are a part of the fibrous tunic? Like Merkels disks, Meissners corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the fingertips. __________ of the eye is receded into the orbit. What is the function of the auditory ossicles? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Sensations can also be protective to the body, by registering environmental cold or warm, and painful needle prick, for example. Opaque: : *Stapes *Tensor tympani muscle middle Structures apart of inner, middle, or outer ear? CN 8 has two divisions, the __________ branch and the __________ branch. These include receptors for taste and smell as well as visceral receptors that are sensitive to changes in the plasma level of O 2, pH, and osmolality. what type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? - Utricle. Pain is primarily a chemical and sometimes mechanical sense that interprets the presence of chemicals from tissue damage, or intense mechanical stimuli, through a nociceptor. Wed love your input. d. oval window. b. somatic sensory receptor. What are receptors for the general senses? Nociceptors are sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue or the threat of damage and indirectly also respond to chemicals released from the damaged tissue. Merkel cells are expanded dendritic endings, and they respond to sustained pressure and touch. Sensory receptors are classified into five categories: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, proprioceptors, pain receptors, and chemoreceptors. A variety of receptor typesembedded in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, joints, internal organs, and cardiovascular systemplay a role. An exteroceptor is a receptor that is located near a stimulus in the external environment, such as the somatosensory receptors that are located in the skin. If this graded post-synaptic potential is strong enough to reach threshold it will trigger an action potential along the axon of the sensory neuron. Action potentials triggered by receptor cells, however, are indirect. What are the three types of receptors that detect touch and pressure? Journals. Label the figure with the items provided. e. Tectorial membrane, Which of the following structures is deepest in the inner ear? There are three classes of mechanoreceptors: tactile, proprioceptors, and baroreceptors. Small, finely calibrated mechanoreceptorsMerkels disks and Meissners corpusclesare located in the upper layers and can precisely localize even gentle touch. b. f. Superior colliculus d. Cone -Iris a. hair cells covered by an otolithic membrane What structures make up the vestibular complex? d. K+, What neurotransmitter is released from depolarized hair cells to stimulate fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve? Mechanoreceptors sense stimuli due to physical deformation of their plasma membranes. We tend to classify receptors according to the location or origin of the stimulus: Exteroceptorsrespond to stimuli from outside the body - vision, sound, touch, smell, temperature, pain etc. The major cutaneous receptors that are found in the dermis and. a. basilar membrane. The Lymphatic and Immune System, Chapter 26. 2) Lacrimal canaliculus -Lens It is not surprising, then, that humans detect cold stimuli before they detect warm stimuli. Epiglottis - Vagus nerve (CN X), First, match the taste receptor to the proper cranial nerve name, and then choose the appropriate cranial nerve number. Activated rhodopsin inhibits the production of glutamate by rods. For humans, the only electromagnetic energy that is perceived by our eyes is visible light. A transmembrane protein receptor is a protein in the cell membrane that mediates a physiological change in a neuron, most often through the opening of ion channels or changes in the cell signaling processes. * glutamate, EXs associated w/ what taste sensation? b. Ampullae Merkels disks are densely distributed in the fingertips and lips. - Utricle 4. In low-light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the ________ of the eye. As tears drain through the lacrimal caruncle they enter small holes called the lacrimal __________. a. medial geniculate nucleus. Neurons in the olfactory bulb travel through the olfactory _________ to the brain. Free nerve endings are sensitive to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light touch. If you drag your finger across a textured surface, the skin of your finger will vibrate. The . These . Indicate whether the given structure is located in the outer, middle, or inner ear. Special pressure sensors called baroreceptors (or venoatrial stretch receptors) located in the right atrium of the heart detect increases in the volume and pressure of blood returned to the heart. The structural classifications are either based on the anatomy of the cell that is interacting with the stimulus (free nerve endings, encapsulated endings, or specialized receptor cell), or where the cell is located relative to the stimulus (interoceptor, exteroceptor, proprioceptor). They contain mechanically gated ion channels whose gates open or close in response to pressure, touch, stretching, and sound. There are four primary tactile mechanoreceptors in human skin: Merkels disks, Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscle; two are located toward the surface of the skin and two are located deeper. Middle: e. Lateral geniculate nucleus The proprioceptive sense is closely related to the vestibular sense. What receptors detect touch and pressure? Deep pressure and vibration is transduced by lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, which are receptors with encapsulated endings found deep in the dermis, or subcutaneous tissue. Additionally, lamellated corpuscles are found adjacent to joint capsules and detect vibrations associated with movement around joints. They are rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors that sense deep, transient (not prolonged) pressure, and high-frequency vibration. The cartilaginous portion of the external ear is called the: What type of mascular degeneration is most severe? They may be massed together to form a sense organ, such as the eye or ear, or they may be scattered, as are those of the skin and viscera. b. sensations. They are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. In the eye, the __________ humor is gelatinous. Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the submodalities discussed in this section. What are the sense receptors for each of the 5 senses? In humans, touch receptors are less dense in skin covered with any type of hair, such as the arms, legs, torso, and face. - Touching a hot pan. General senses often contribute to the sense of touch, as described above, or to proprioception (body position) and kinesthesia (body movement), or to a visceral sense, which is most important to autonomic functions. ; mechanoreceptor: Any receptor that provides an organism with information about mechanical changes in its environment such as movement, tension, and pressure. Figure3. b. spiral organ. Rapidly adapting light-touch receptors Located in superficial dermis Pacinian corpuscles: Detect deep pressure and vibration Located in deep dermis Epidermis Derived from ectoderm Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium 4 or 5 main layers: Stratum basale (stratum germinativum): Deepest layer Germinating layer Perception is the central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern involving awareness. Taste buds are made of gustatory cells, supporting cells, and __________ cells. Ruffini endings also detect warmth. If the two points are felt as one point, it can be inferred that the two points are both in the receptive field of a single sensory receptor. Sensory receptors respond to: light touch: tactile (Meissner) corpuscles, in dermal papil- lae. Middle ear 3. The relative density of pressure receptors in different locations on the body can be demonstrated experimentally using a two-point discrimination test. 4 - The vestibular membrane begins to vibrate. Meissner corpuscles are the mechanoreceptorslocated in the dermis that detect deep pressure and stretch. 4. 3. Aqueous humor is secreted into the __________ chamber before traveling to the __________ chamber of the eye. d. Lacrimal punctum Some thermoreceptors are sensitive to just cold and others to just heat. The sensory receptors in the skin are: Mechanoreceptors Ruffini's end organ (skin stretch) End-bulbs of Krause (Cold) Meissner's corpuscle (changes in texture, slow vibrations) Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure, fast vibrations) Merkel's disc (sustained touch and pressure) Free nerve endings thermoreceptor nociceptors chemoreceptors meissner corpuscles are type of receptors present in the skinf which is r . 2. What structure is the dividing line between the anterior and posterior chambers? Stretch receptors are found at various sites in the digestive and urinary systems. Figure 2. Each of the senses is referred to as a sensory modality. The suspensory ligaments connect the __________ to the ciliary muscles. The large mechanoreceptorsPacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endingsare located in the lower layers and respond to deeper touch. In this demonstration, two sharp points, such as two thumbtacks, are brought into contact with the subjects skin (though not hard enough to cause pain or break the skin). Humans can perceive various types of sensations, and with this information, our motor movement is determined. (credit: modification of work by Wbensmith/Wikimedia Commons; scale-bar data from Matt Russell). a. Bony labyrinth a. Glutamate 30 seconds . In addition to these two types of deeper receptors, there are also rapidly adapting hair receptors, which are found on nerve endings that wrap around the base of hair follicles. Interoceptors are also called __________ receptors. Free nerve endings are the most common nerve endings in skin, and they extend into the middle of the epidermis. What is the margin between the photosensitive and nonphotosensitive regions of the retina called? The Chemical Level of Organization, Chapter 3. It is relatively thin, is composed of keratin-filled cells, and has no blood supply. Malleus These receptors transmit information along the vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) to the central nervous system. Which layer of the eye contains the blood and lymph vessels? c. It opens Na+ channels. Mechanoreceptors are part of the nervous system that detect changes in movement or pressure. The cells that interpret information about the environment can be either (1) a neuron that has a free nerve ending(dendrites) embedded in tissue that would receive a sensation; (2) a neuron that has anencapsulated ending in which the dendrites are encapsulated in connective tissue that enhances their sensitivity; or (3) a specialized receptor cell, which has distinct structural components that interpret a specific type of stimulus (Figure 13.1.1). 2. Prove the given statement. Receptor cells can be classified into types on the basis of three different criteria: cell type, position, and function. Merkel's discs detect sustained touch and pressure. View ANAPHY SPECIAL SENSE NOTES.docx from NUR 123 at University of Manila. Cis-retinal is transformed to trans-retinal An uneven cornea a. cochlea. What do stretch receptors do? : The sweetener known as stevia can replace glucose in food. Which of the following are functions of the inner ear? Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Pain, temperature, mechanical deformation, Epidermaldermal junction, mucosal membranes, Papillary dermis, especially in the fingertips and lips, Deep dermis, subcutaneous tissue, joint capsules, Deep pressure, high-frequency vibration (around 250 Hz), Wrapped around hair follicles in the dermis, Describe different types of sensory receptors. They are found in the bone periosteum, joint capsules, pancreas and other viscera, breast, and genitals. * acids Asama, Japan, is an active volcano. They are slow to adjust to a stimulus and so are less sensitive to abrupt changes in stimulation. - Pharyngotympanic tube 3. perilymph of scala vestibule c - Inferior colliculus 6. perilymph of scala tympani Which of the following is a location where Krause bulbs are located? - There are more than 100 million rod cells per eye. What structure transforms one type of energy into a different type of energy? *Cochlea a. complex in structure Somatosensation belongs to the general senses, which are those sensory structures that are distributed throughout the body and in the walls of various organs. Possible cures include removal of scar tissue and transplantation of cells that promote nerve growth. The lacrimal caruncle is on the __________ side of the eye. The primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is located in the post central gyrus, with the lower limb being represented on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and the head placed laterally near the Sylvian fissure. The dynamics of capsaicin binding with this transmembrane ion channel is unusual in that the molecule remains bound for a long time. b. Cochlear hair cells Also located in the dermis of the skin are lamellated and tactile corpuscles, neurons with encapsulated nerve endings that respond to pressure and touch. -Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly-adapting, deep receptors that respond to deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. 2. round window, What is the correct order through which sound travels in the inner ear? The average intensity of light emerging from a polarizing sheet is 0.764W/m20.764 \mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}0.764W/m2, and the average intensity of the horizontally polarized light incident on the sheet is 0.883W/m20.883 \mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}0.883W/m2. - Saccule. b. Membranous labyrinth Solve a concrete slab is reinforced by 16mm16 -\mathrm{mm}16mm-diameter steel rods placed on 180mm180-\mathrm{mm}180mm centers as shown. This redesigned and updated new edition offers a comprehensive introductory survey of basic clinical health care skills for learners entering health care programs or for those that think they may be interested in pursuing a career in health care. They involve special tiny organs. Tags: Question 21 . Merkels disks and Meissners corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the fingertips. What is the magnitude of the block's acceleration vector? 1) Choroid - Sprained ankle This occurs when a stimulus is detected by a receptor which generates a graded potential in a sensory neuron. Muscle spindles are stretch receptors that detect the amount of stretch, or lengthening of muscles. The papillae on the tongue that do not contain any taste buds are the ________ papillae. The Cellular Level of Organization, Chapter 4. Hearing and balance are also sensed by mechanoreceptors. Glutamate inhibits the bipolar cells that synapse with the rods. Electrical sensors and stimulators can help quadriplegic victims flex their limbs. SURVEY . Which of the following are examples of encapsulated receptors? : -Highly concentrated in and around the macula Merkel cells are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis. deep tactile receptors detects continuous pressure in skin; when stretching the skin Pacinian corpuscle: deepest receptors: they are located in between the deep dermis & subcutaneous layer; and since it is located deeper, it has contact to our muscles and joints. In a taste bud the basal cells replace the __________ cells. What is the receptor of deep pressure? d. oval window. Optic nerve It joins opsin to retinal. Action potentials are transmitted out of the optic nerve. b) Heat. d. the lens is slow to accommodate. 5. 7 - Scala tympani The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a specialized receptor cell, a photoreceptor. Note that these warmth detectors are situated deeper in the skin than are the cold detectors. Pacinian corpuscles; a large, encapsulated tactile receptor that detects deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. Ruffini's end organs detect tension deep in the skin. They are a cutaneous receptor found in the dermis or epidermis. Deeper in the epidermis, near the base, are Ruffini endings, which are also known as bulbous corpuscles. - Saccule Can an ultrasound detect placental . (Note that the special senses are all primarily part of the somatic nervous system in that they are consciously perceived through cerebral processes, though some special senses contribute to autonomic function). 5. The center of the retina is a pit called the ____________ . Each year in the United States, 10,000 new cases of spinal cord injury are reported. What type of receptor is found in the mucous membranes? a. small Unencapsulated OR Encapsulated Tactile Receptor: After the thalamus, auditory nerve signals reach the. Four of the primary mechanoreceptors in human skin are shown. Both the upper and lower layers of the skin hold rapidly and slowly adapting receptors. Two types of somatosensory signals that are transduced by free nerve endings are pain and temperature. When strong enough to reach threshold they can directly trigger an action potential along the axon of the sensory neuron. Damage to one eye will result in Pacinian corpuscles: Pacinian corpuscles, such as these visualized using bright field light microscopy, detect pressure (touch) and high-frequency vibration. a.The brain gives preference to exteroreceptors. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Chapter 21. 8 - Round window. e. stapes. d. Reduced lens flexibility, Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye detect changes in light intensity and wavelength. d. Optic tract Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field.

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